Summary
This Technical Brochure (TB) presents the findings of Joint Working Group (JWG) B5/C4.61 on the impact of low network inertia on protection and control (P&C) in power systems. The study provides a comprehensive investigation from the perspectives of both reduced network inertia and the evolving fault characteristics resulting from the increased integration of Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs). The results show that lower inertia and altered fault behaviour can adversely affect the performance of a wide range of protection functions, while also significantly impacting overall system stability and operability. The TB also provides guidance on the selection of appropriate power system models to analyse dynamic features of the grid, and introduces advanced real-time monitoring techniques for fault levels and system inertia. Furthermore, the brochure includes an extensive discussion of mitigation strategies and methodologies to address the challenges associated with low-inertia power systems.
Table of content
Executive Summary
Introduction
Key Highlights
Abbreviations
Figures
Tables
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Scope of Work
1.3. Key Objectives and Deliverables
1.4. Organisation and Major Contributions of this Report
2. Definitions and Fundamentals
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Common Definitions
2.3. Grid Protection Concepts
2.4. Frequency Control Concepts
2.5. Examples
2.6. References
3. Modelling and Simulation
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Protection and Control Models in Inverter Based Resources
3.3. Protection Model and Control Model in HVDC
3.4. FACTS Models for Protection and Control Study
3.5. Essential Consideration for Models in Protection Studies
3.6. Essential Consideration for Models in Control Studies
3.7. Impact of Wrong Model Selection
3.8. Summary
3.9. References
4. Energy Scenarios & Changes in System Inertia and Fault Characteristics
4.1. Energy Scenarios
4.2. Changes in Network Inertia
4.3. Changes in Fault Characteristics
4.4. Principles of Frequency Behaviour and Response
4.5. Review of Recent Outage Events
4.6. Grid Code Changes and Impacts on Protection & Control
4.7. Summary
4.8. References
5. Impact of Lower Network Inertia on Protection Functions
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Fault Characteristics Change with High Penetration of IBRs
5.3. The Impact of IBR on Protection Principles
5.4. Power-Swing Phenomena in a Lower Inertia Grid
5.5. Case Studies
5.6. Summary
5.7. References
6. Impact of Lower Network Inertia on System Stability and Control
6.1. Impact on System Critical Clearance Time (CCT) and Stability Margins
6.2. Impact on Network Stability Control and Performance (Incl. Power System Damping)
6.3. Impact on Frequency Control
6.4. Impact on Rate of Change of Frequency
6.5. Impact on System Synchronization
6.6. Summary
6.7. References
7. Methods for Fault Level and Inertia Monitoring
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Fault Level Calculation Using MVA-Based Method
7.3. Fault Level Estimation from Measurements
7.4. Power System Inertia Monitoring
7.5. Summary
7.6. References
8. Mitigation Strategy and Methodology
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Grid Codes, Regulations, and Standards
8.3. Power System Planning
8.4. Power System Control
8.5. Protection Modifications
8.6. Summary
8.7. References
9. Conclusions and Recommendations
9.1. Overall Summary
9.2. Highlights and Major Contributions
9.3. General Conclusions and Recommendations
Additional informations
| Publication type | Technical Brochures |
|---|---|
| Reference | 1004 |
| Publication year | |
| Publisher | CIGRE |
| ISBN | 978-2-85873-709-3 |
| Study committees |
|
| Working groups | JWG B5/C4.61 |
| File size | 16 MB |
| Pages number | 254 |
| Price for non member | 300 € |
| Price for member | Free |
Authors
Ray Zhang, Convenor (AE), Vladimir Terzija, Secretary (UK), Vladimir Terzija (UK), Yoav Sharon (US), Agurtzane Etxegarai (ES), Sergio Martinez Villanueva (ES), Urban Rudež (SL), Li Li (CN), Koji Yamashita (JP), Lei Ding (CN), Boris Deneuville (FR), Bakhtyar Hoseinzadeh (DK), Stefan Roxenborg (SE), Luiz Puppi (BR), Adrian Kelly (IE), Suresh Mathuru (IN), Mikko Holmgren (FI), Xiaio-Ping Zhang (UK), Petros Aristidou (CY)
Corresponding Members
Ray Zhang (AE), Charles Henville (CA), Ratan Das (US), Luis Pabon (DE), Christophe Conteville (FR), Christian Guibout (FR), Hannu Laaksonen (FI), Salvatore D’Arco (NO), Rafat Aljarrah (JO)
Reviewers
Peter Bishop, SC B5 (AU), Lasantha Meegahapola, SC C4 (AU), Kazuhiro Enomoto, SC B5 (JP), Warren Farmer, SC C4 (ZA), Milan Jankovski, SC B5 (NL), Marta Val Escudero, SC C4 (IE), Volker Leitloff, SC B5 (FR), John Wright, SC B5 (UK)
Keywords
Protection and Control, Network Inertia, Inverter Based Resource (IBR), Power System Stability, Frequency Control
