Summary
A robust and strategically devised black start restoration (BSR) procedure is critical to ensure that the power system is restored as efficiently as possible. As HVDC technology becomes a standard transmission solution due to its flexibility, it becomes an attractive asset for BSR. HVDC transmission is encouraged to reinforce the existing AC interconnected grid, create new long-distance interconnection, connect asynchronous grids, and integrate large amounts of renewable generation, all of which also enhance BSR options. This technical brochure investigates the use of VSC HVDC systems coupled with synchronous generation resources or external asynchronous transmission grids and touches on the utilization of VSC with variable renewable generation for BSR.
Table of content
1. Introduction and Scope
1.1. Definitions
1.2. Technical Brochure Overview
2. Review of Black Start Restoration Procedure
2.1. Black Start Unit (BSU)
2.2. Preparing the Power System for Black Start Restoration (BSR)
2.3. Consideration for Preparation of BSR Procedures
2.4. Overview of BSR Top-Down, Bottom-Up and Hybrid Approach
2.5. BSR General Timeline
2.6. BSU Requirements
2.7. Example of Recent Blackout Events
3. Role of HVDC technology in Black Start Restoration
3.1. Comparison between LCC vs VSC Application in BSR
3.2. Brief Review of VSC HVDC Control Strategies
3.3. BSR with VSC HVDC
3.4. Restoration Sequencing and Synchronization using VSC HVDC
3.5. Example of Using VSC HVDC for BSR
4. Specification and design Requirements for Black Start Restoration with VSC HVDC
4.1. External System Requirements
4.2. Basic Design Requirements
4.3. Auxiliary Systems Requirements
4.4. Control and Protection System Requirements
4.5. Studies, Testing and Commissioning Requirements
5. Electromagnetic Transient and Real-time Simulation Modeling Requirements
5.1. Brief comparison and application of the RMS and EMT model
5.2. Key elements to consider demonstrating BSR
5.3. A guide for applying VSC in BSR
6. Potential Interactions during Black Start Restoration
6.1. Potential interaction during BSR with VSC
6.2. Impact of control modes and configuration of supporting VSC in BSR process
6.3. Potential interactions with conventional power system elements
6.4. Potential interaction between VSC and AC/DC converters during BSR
6.5. A Review of Screening and Detailed Methods
6.6. Measures for removal of interactions for the process of BSR
7. A Special Case for Utilizing an Offshore Wind farm Plant for Black Start Restoration
7.1. Challenges of using IBRs in BSR
7.2. Resource Availability
7.3. Energization Process
7.4. Auxiliary supply
7.5. Wind Power Plant Requirements for BSR
7.6. Preliminary Feasibility Studies
7.7. Summary
8. Conclusion
Appendix A References
Additional informations
| Publication type | Technical Brochures |
|---|---|
| Reference | 981 |
| Publication year | |
| Publisher | CIGRE |
| ISBN | 978-2-85873-686-7 |
| Study committees | |
| Working groups | WG B4.94 |
| File size | 5 MB |
| Pages number | 87 |
| Price for non member | 170 € |
| Price for member | Free |
Authors
A. Fazel Darbandi, Convenor (CA)
K. Samarasekera, Task Lead (CA), R. Blasco-Gimenez, Task Lead (ES), E. Sanchez Sanchez (DE), M. Corti (IT), P. Stanley (IE), C. Klein, Task Lead (DE), H. Stephanus (NA), K. Leiteritz, Task Lead (DE), Z. Wang, Task Lead (CA), M. Manchen (NA), C. Winter, Task Lead (US), E. Mathew (IN), H. Woiton (DE), A. Osman (GB), F. Zgainski (FR), P. Portugal (BR), L. Zou (GB)
Corresponding Members
A. Abdalrahman (SE), M. Srinivasa Rao (IN), F. Ahmadloo (CA), X. Zhou (CN), E. Bjorklund (SE), S. Zoroofi (CA), P. Samuelsson (SE)
Keywords
VSC HVDC, Black start restoration, Grid forming, offshore wind farm, interaction, specification, design requirements, electromagnetic transient simulation (EMT), real-time simulation (RTS), subsynchronous resonance, ferroresonance
