Application of Traveling-Wave Fault Location in Networks with Complex Topology and Distributed Generation

Key requirements for the correct practical implementation of wave-based fault location are presented: a detailed description of the network topology, determination of the actual propagation velocities of wave disturbances based on reference oscillograms, and the use of a centralized system for collecting and analyzing fault records. Special attention is paid to the task of matching recorded wave processes with reference wave portraits, which enhances the reliability of fault localization.

Algorithms for wave-based fault location are considered in detail for three typical configurations of distribution power grid: overhead lines with long branches, mixed overheadcable lines with multiple cable inserts, and combined schemes including both types of elements.

For each case, mathematical formulas are provided for calculating the difference in arrival times of wave fronts, converting electrical (time-equivalent) lengths into real distances, and algorithms for averaging results aimed at improving the stability and noise immunity of the estimation.

The results of experimental testing carried out on a real section of a distribution power grid with

DER confirm the achievement of a fault location error less than 1% of the line length. Based on the obtained data, practical recommendations are given for the optimal placement of wavebased fault location devices and for their combined use with topographic fault indicators (FI) to eliminate localization ambiguities.

In conclusion, directions for further development of the method are outlined, including the use of resistive voltage dividers to expand the range of monitored modes, accounting for temperature effects on line parameters, and the statistical refinement of correlation coefficients during operation. The proposed solutions ensure high reliability and technological applicability of wave-based fault location in modern power grid.