Simulation Based Comparative analysis of STATCOM, Grid forming, Grid following and Synchronous Condenser Technologies for Renewable integration in the Indian Grid

This paper presents a comprehensive simulation-based comparative analysis of three critical technologies for enhancing grid stability: Grid-Following (GFL) STATCOM, Grid-Forming

(GFM) STATCOM, and Synchronous Condensers, evaluated within India's renewable-rich 220–400 kV transmission network.

Following Central Electricity Authority (CEA) guidelines, a detailed power system model was developed to evaluate these technologies under realistic disturbances, including load rejection and generation loss. Each device was modelled at a ±200 MVAr capacity using appropriate control architectures: current-source control for GFL, virtual synchronous machine (VSM) capabilities for GFM, and electromechanical dynamics for synchronous condensers.

The study reveals that these technologies are complementary rather than mutually exclusive.

GFM STATCOMs excel in providing synthetic inertia and autonomous voltage support in weak grid areas (SCR < 3.0), while synchronous condensers are essential for providing genuine rotational inertia and high short-circuit capacity at major interconnection points. Concurrently,

GFL STATCOMs offer distinct advantage as a cost-effective solution, they provide the integration with existing network infrastructure and proven operational reliability in regions where grid strength is adequate.

The findings support a strategic deployment framework, recommending GFM STATCOMs for remote renewable zones and synchronous condensers for critical nodes to ensure reliable renewable integration in the Indian power system.