Strategies for Inertia Assessment and Provision in Power Systems with High Renewable Sources

System Operators (SOs). In low-inertia power systems, frequency deviations occur faster and with a higher Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF), reducing the available time for corrective actions and increasing the risk of widespread disturbances [1], [2]. At the same time, the dynamic behavior of IBRs differs fundamentally from that of synchronous machines, motivating the expansion of classical power system stability classifications to include converter-driven and resonance-related phenomena [3], [4]. Several real-world events highlight the need for new operational frameworks [5]–[8]. This paper proposes an integrated framework for inertia assessment and provision, combining analyses of real-world low-inertia disturbances, a structured review of inertia assessment methodologies, evaluations of technological solutions for inertia provision, and discussions of ancillary service mechanisms and market designs. By bridging scientific advances and operational practice, the proposed framework supports the development of secure, resilient, and sustainable power system capable of maintaining frequency stability in converter-dominated grids.