From Consumers to Prosumers: A Techno-Economic Analysis of Residential PV-BESS Deployment in Sweden

This paper addresses these gaps by conducting a techno-economic analysis of residential PV and BESS deployment in a Swedish context, based on laboratory measurements and full-year modelling. The results present a snapshot of the techno-economic potential of PV and BESS under current Swedish market conditions.

Four representative Swedish single-family building archetypes were selected as case studies, varying in heating systems, electricity load demand, and electric vehicle (EV) integration. Each case was equipped with PV and BESS configurations (twelve systems in total) and tested under controlled laboratory conditions using a condensed 4-day “Frankenstein” time series designed to capture system characteristics. The laboratory tests provided detailed performance data for power electronic converters (PEC), energy management systems (EMS), and power-flow efficiencies. These data were used to develop validated full-year models for each system, incorporating hourly electricity spot prices and a peak power tariff structure.

The EMS strategies combined self-consumption maximisation and peak-shaving operations, with predefined thresholds and time-of-use parameters. The techno-economic evaluation considered annual energy flows, peak power imports, and operational costs, including revenues from the export of PV electricity.

Results show that PV installation delivers the most significant economic benefit, reducing annual operational costs by an average of 47% compared to the reference case without PV or

BESS. Adding battery storage provides an additional average reduction of 11%-points per year, primarily through increased self-consumption and reduced grid imports. However, the impact on peak power tariffs was limited. In terms of simple payback times, PV systems performed better than PV + BESS systems without incentives and similar or better when including current

Swedish tax reductions. The larger battery capacities and all-year self-consumption strategies studied yielded marginal improvements in reducing annual operational costs but resulted in longer payback times compared to smaller systems.

The findings highlight that while PV systems offer substantial cost savings, the economic viability of BESS with self-consumption and peak-shaving strategies remains modest under current tariff structures. To unlock greater value, adaptive EMS strategies and revenue-stacking approaches—such as spot-price arbitrage and participation in ancillary service markets—seem essential.