Distributionally Robust Coordination Framework for Scheduling and Trading in Large-Scale Networked Hydrogen-Integrated Microgrids with Coupled Transportation and Power Networks

PCC electricity exchange, peer-to-peer (P2P) hydrogen trading, and transportation-aware hydrogen delivery while preserving agent privacy and scalability. To improve computational efficiency, a C-ADMM formulation with a Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT)-based closed-form consensus variable update is developed, enabling fast and stable convergence in a fully parallel manner.

To address price uncertainty in electricity and hydrogen markets, a Wasserstein-based distributionally robust optimization (DRO) formulation is incorporated. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed DRO approach achieves near-SAA performance with significantly fewer samples, providing a favorable balance between robustness and conservatism compared to conventional robust optimization. In addition, the integrated transportation modeling enables cost-effective hydrogen delivery, resulting in a 37.48% reduction in average operating cost compared with a classical Dijkstra-based routing strategy.

Overall, the proposed framework offers an effective and practical solution for integrated hydrogen–electricity energy management under uncertainty.